8. Example of networking cables and their functions, post at least 10 w/ picture.



1.) Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors (the forward and
return conductors of a single circuit) are twisted together for the purposes of canceling
out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources; for instance,
electromagnetic radiation from Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables, and crosstalk
between neighboring pairs.

2.) Coaxial cable, or coax, is an electrical cable with an inner conductor surrounded by a
tubular insulating layer typically of a flexible material with a high dielectric constant,
all of which are surrounded by a conductive layer called the shield (typically of fine
woven wire for flexibility, or of a thin metallic foil), and finally covered with a thin
insulating layer on the outside. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the
outer shield sharing the same geometric axis.

3.) Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to
another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an
electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. First developed
in the 1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized the telecommunications
industry and have played a major role in the advent of the Information Age. Because of its
advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire
communications in core networks in the developed world.

4.) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
UTP cable is a medium that is composed of pairs of wires (see Figure 8-1). UTP cable is used in a variety of networks. Each of the eight individual copper wires in UTP cable \is covered by an insulating material. In addition, the wires in each pair are twisted around each other. UTP cable relies solely on the cancellation effect produced by the twisted wire pairs to limit signal degradation caused by electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI). To further reduce crosstalk between the pairs in UTP cable, the number of twists in the wire pairs varies. UTP cable must follow precise specifications governing how many twists or braids are permitted per meter (3.28 feet) of cable.


5.) Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable
Shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable combines the techniques of shielding, cancellation, and wire twisting. Each pair of wires is wrapped in a metallic foil. The four pairs of wires then are wrapped in an overall metallic braid or foil, usually 150-ohm cable. As specified for use in Ethernet network installations, STP reduces electrical noise both within the cable (pair-to-pair coupling, or crosstalk) and from outside the cable (EMI and RFI). STP usually is installed with STP data connector, which is created especially for the STP cable. However, STP cabling also can use the same RJ connectors that UTP uses

6.) Patch cable
A patch cable is an electrical or optical cable, used to connect one electronic or optical device to another for signal routing. Devices of different types (ie: a switch connected to a computer, or switch to router) are connected with patch cords. It is a very fast connection speed. Patch cords are usually produced in many different colors so as to be easily distinguishable[2], and are relatively short, perhaps no longer than two Ethernet crossover cable



7) Ethernet crossover cable
is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices together directly where they would normally be connected via a network switch, hub or router, such as directly connecting two personal computers via their network adapters.

8) Power lines
Although power wires are not designed for networking applications, new technologies like Power line communication allows these wires to also be used to interconnect home computers, peripherals or other networked consumer products. On December 2008, the ITU-T adopted Recommendation G.hn/G.9960 as the first worldwide standard for high-speed powerline communications[3]. G.hn also specifies communications over phonelines and coaxial wiring.

9) Plenum cable
is cable that is laid in the plenum spaces of buildings. The plenum (pronounced /ˈplɛnəm/) is the space that can facilitate air circulation for heating and air conditioning systems, by providing pathways for either heated/conditioned or return airflows. Space between the structural ceiling and the dropped ceiling or under a raised floor is typically considered plenum; however, some drop ceiling designs create a tight seal that does not allow for airflow and therefore may not be considered a plenum air-handling space.

10) Audio multicore cable
A multicore cable "snake" helps sound engineers to route a number of signals without having to have a tangled mess of individual cables
Used in the audio recording and sound reinforcement fields, an audio multicore cable (most commonly known as a snake cable or just a snake) is a compact cable, typically about the diameter of a coin, which contains from 4 to 56 individual shielded pair microphone cables all housed by one rugged, heavy-duty common outer jacket. Each end of the multicore cable terminates in a "tail", which contains either a patchbay for female XLR or 1/4" jacks or male plugs

7. Example of networking devices and their functions, post at least 10 w/ picture.

1) Network interface cards
A network card, network adapter, or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It provides physical access to a networking medium and often provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses.

2.)Repeaters
A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal, clean it from the unnecessary noise, regenerate it and retransmits it at a higher power level, or to the otherside of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. In most twisted pair Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required for cable which runs longer than 100 meters.

3) Hubs
A network hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied unmodified to all ports of the hub for transmission. The destination address in the frame is not changed to a broadcast address.[5]

4) Bridges
A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Bridges do not promiscuously copy traffic to all ports, as hubs do, but learn which MAC addresses are reachable through specific ports. Once the bridge associates a port and an address, it will send traffic for that address only to that port. Bridges do send broadcasts to all ports except the one on which the broadcast was received.

5) Switches
A network switch is a device that forwards and filters OSI layer 2 datagrams (chunk of data communication) between ports (connected cables) based on the MAC addresses in the packets.[6] This is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the frames to the ports involved in the communication rather than all ports connected. A switch breaks the collision domain but represents itself a broadcast domain



6) Routers
A router is a networking device that forwards packets between networks using information in protocol headers and forwarding tables to determine the best next router for each packet. Routers work at the Network Layer (layer 3) of the OSI model and the Internet Layer of TCP/IP.


7) Gateway
device sitting at a network node for interfacing with another network that uses different protocols. Works on OSI layers 4 to 7.



8) Multilayer Switch
a switch which, in addition to switching on OSI layer 2, provides functionality at higher protocol layers.





9) Protocol Converter
a hardware device that converts between two different types of transmissions, such as asynchronous and synchronous transmissions.


10) Bridge Router(Brouter)
Combine router and bridge functionality and are therefore working on OSI layers 2 and 3.

5.What is Networking?
networking is a group of computers that are interconnected by electronic circuits or wireless transmissions of various designs and technologies for the purpose of exchanging data or communicating information between them or their users. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general overview of types and categories and also presents the basic components of a network.

6.Example of Networking, Post at least 5 examples with picture.

1. A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small physical area,
like a home, office, or small group of buildings, such as a school, or an airport.
The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide-area networks (WANs), include
their usually higher data-transfer rates, smaller geographic area, and lack of a need for
leased telecommunication lines.

2. A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a large computer network that usually spans a city
or a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using
a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link
services to wide area networks and the Internet.

3.Wireless Network refers to any type of computer network that is wireless, and is commonly
associated with a telecommunications network whose interconnections between nodes is
implemented without the use of wires.[1] Wireless telecommunications networks are generally
implemented with some type of remote information transmission system that uses
electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, for the carrier and this implementation
usually takes place at the physical level or "layer" of the network.

4. A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area
(i.e., any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional,
or national boundaries [1]). This is in contrast with personal area networks
(PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan
area networks (MANs) which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific
metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively.


5. Personal Area Network
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs, scanners, and even video game consoles. Such a PAN may include wired and wireless connections between devices. The reach of a PAN is typically at least about 20-30 feet (approximately 6-9 meters), but this is expected to increase with technology improvements

THE SEVEN OSI LAYER

What is Network Topology?

The physical configuration of a network that determines how the network's computers are connected. Common configurations include the bus topology, mesh topology, ring topology, star topology, tree topology. See each of these topology definitions for additional information and visual examples.



2.Example Network Topology,their definition and post example of picture.

Tree Topology

>Also known as a star bus topology, tree topology is one of the most common types of network setups that is similar to a bus topology and a star topology. A tree topology connects multiple star networks to other star networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using
the star topology


Ring topology

>Also known as a ring network, the ring topology is a type of computer network configuration where each network computer and device are connected to each other forming a large circle (or similar shape). Each packet is sent around the ring until it reaches its final destination. Today, the ring topology is seldom used. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using a ring topology.


Star topology

>Also known as a star network, a star topology is one of the most common network setups where each of the devices and computers on a network connect to a central hub. A major disadvantage of this type of network topology is that if the central hub fails, all computers connected to that hub would be disconnected. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the star topology.


Bus topology

>A type of network setup where each of the computers and network devices are connected to a single cable or backbone. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the bus topology.


Mesh Topology

A type of network setup where each of the computers and network devices are interconnected with one another, allowing for most transmissions to be distributed, even if one of the connections go down. This type of topology is not commonly used for most computer networks as it is difficult and expensive to have redundant connection to every computer. However, this type of topology is commonly used for wireless networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using a mesh topology.

3. What is OSI layer?

Short for Open System Interconnection, OSI is a network model developed by ISO in 1978 where peer-to-peer communications are divided into seven layers. Each layer performs a specific task or tasks, and builds upon the preceding layer until the communications are complete. Below are the purposes of each of the seven layers.

4. Example of OSI layer,their definition in order

1. Physical layer - responsible for the electrical, mechanical and timing across the link.

2. Data link layer (also known as the link layer) - responsible for transmitting data across a link.

3. Network layer - responsible for routing information through the network and allowing systems to communicate.

4 .Transport layer - responsible for transferring information between endpoints on the network and deals with errors such as lost or duplicate packets.

5. Session layer - responsible for managing a session between two applications.

6. Presentation layer - responsible for the data formatting and display, allowing for compatibility.

7.Application layer - responsible for user interaction. An example of an OSI application is the FTAM.